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Indie publishing is at last a practical way to enter the market, with electronic readers now available at very reasonable prices. 

The following is a comparison of e-book formats used to create and publish e-books.

A writer or publisher has many options when it comes to choosing a format for publication. While the average end-user might arguably simply want to read books, every format has its proponents. The myriad e-book formats are sometimes collectively referred to as the "Tower of eBabel".

The file size for texts without images depends on the file format, but is always relatively small compared with a richly illustrated text.

Gordon Zuckerman's mixture of political intrigue, romance, and knuckle action begins when six graduate friends; the sentinels, risk all to thwart an international Nazi conspiracy. In the financial upheaval of the 1930s, greedy German industrialists plot to install the National Socialist Party in order to rearm Germany and reap the financial rewards. Knowing his ambitions, they support Adolf Hitler to do this. With Adolf as Chancellor, the Nazis plan to stash a fortune gained from war profits. But, a group of graduates foil the ambitions of the financiers of the Third Reich. The sentinels put their lives at risk to serve justice and thwart an international conspiracy. Fortunes of War is the first in a series.

FORMAT DESCRIPTIONS

Formats available include, but are by no means limited to:

Amazon KindleFormat: Kindle 
Published as: .azw; .kf8 

With the release of the Kindle Fire reader in late 2011, Amazon.com also released Kindle Format 8, their next-generation file format. The .kf8 file format supports HTML5 and CSS3. Older Kindle eBook readers use the proprietary format, AZW. It is based on the Mobipocket standard, with a slightly different serial number scheme (it uses an asterisk instead of a dollar sign) and its own DRM formatting. Because the eBooks bought on the Kindle are delivered over its wireless system called Whispernet, the user does not see the AZW files during the download process. The Kindle format is now available on a variety of platforms, such as through the Kindle app for the iPad.

Android: application

Apple iBooks AuthorFormat: iBook 
Published as: .iba 

With the free iBooks Author epub layout software, Apple Inc. created the proprietary format, IBA. It is based on the epub standard, with slightly different CSS tags, thus making it incompatible with the epub open standard. Though the software is easy to use, books created with it may only be distributed through the iTunes Bookstore. The end-user licensing agreement forbids authors from reusing books in the IBA format, created with iBooks, in other bookstores. The software currently does not support importing an epub produced with other software, nor does it support exporting content to other epub formats. However, any original content produced with iBooks Author may be repurposed and resold elsewhere if produced with different software.

Archos DiffusionFormat: Archos Reader 
Published as: .aeh 

The AEH format is an XML-based proprietary format developed by the French firm Archos Diffusion. AEH files use a proprietary DRM and encryption method and are readable only in the Archos Player. It supports various input formats for text, audio or video, such as PDF, WMA, MP3, WMV, and allows multiple interactive functions such as bookmarking, advanced plain-text searching, dynamic text highlighting, etc.

Broadband eBooks (BBeB)Main article: BBeB
Format: Sony media 
Published as: .lrf; .lrx 

The digital book format used by Sony Corporation. It is a proprietary format, but some reader software for general-purpose computers, particularly under Linux (for example, calibre's internal viewer), have the capability to read it. The LRX file extension represents a DRM encrypted eBook. Sony has converted its books from BBeB to EPUB.

Comic Book Archive fileFormat: compressed images 
Published as: .cbr (RAR); .cbz (ZIP); .cb7 (7z); .cbt (TAR); .cba (ACE) 

A Comic Book Archive file or ComicBook Reader File consists of a series of image files, typically PNG (lossless compression) or JPEG (lossy compression) files, stored as a single archive file, for the purpose of sequential viewing of images, especially comic books. The idea was made popular by the CDisplay image viewer; since then, many viewers for different platforms have been created. Comic Book Archive files are not a distinct file format; only the file name extension differs from a standard file of the given archive type. Some applications support additional tag information (like artists or story information) in the form of embedded XML files in the archive, or use of the Zip comment function.

Compiled HMFormat: Microsoft Compiled HTML Help 
Published as: .chm 

CHM format is a proprietary format based on HTML. Multiple pages and embedded graphics are distributed along with proprietary metadata as a single compressed file. In contrast, in HTML, a site consists of multiple HTML files and associated image files in standardized formats.

Introducing Nick Phillips, a veteran crash investigator who typically discovers evidence of pilot error to expect it. But when a private jet crashes into a mountainside, a more unsettling plot surfaces.

DAISY - ANSI/NISO Z39.86Format: DAISY 
Published as: 

The Digital Accessible Information SYstem (DAISY) is an XML-based open standard maintained by the DAISY Consortium for people with print disabilities. DAISY has wide international support with features for multimedia, navigation and synchronization. A subset of the DAISY format has been adopted by law in the United States as the National Instructional Material Accessibility Standard (NIMAS), and K-12 textbooks and instructional materials are now required to be provided to students with disabilities.

DAISY is already aligned with the EPUB open standard, and is expected to fully converge with its forthcoming EPUB3 revision.

Desktop AuthorFormat: DNL Reader 
Published as: .dnl; .exe 

Desktop Author is an electronic publishing suite that allows creation of digital web books with virtual turning pages. Digital web books of any publication type can be written in this format, including brochures, e-books, digital photo albums, e-cards, digital diaries, online resumes, quizzes, exams, tests, forms and surveys. DesktopAuthor packages the e-book into a ".dnl" or ".exe" book. Each can be a single, plain stand-alone executable file which does not require any other programs to view it. DNL files can be viewed inside a web browser or stand-alone via the DNL Reader.

DNL format is an e-Book format, one which replicates the real life alternative, namely page turning Books. The DNL e-Book is developed by DNAML Pty Limited an Australian company established in 1999. A DNL e-Book can be produced using DeskTop Author or DeskTop Communicator.

DjVuFormat: DjVu 
Published as: .djvu 

DjVu is a format specialized for storing scanned documents. It includes advanced compressors optimized for low-color images, such as text documents. Individual files may contain one or more pages. DjVu files cannot be re-flowed.

The contained page images are divided in separate layers (such as multi-color, low-resolution, background layer using lossy compression, and few-colors, high-resolution, tightly-compressed foreground layer), each compressed in the best available method. The format is designed to decompress very quickly, even faster than vector-based formats.

The advantage of DjVu is that it is possible to take a high-resolution scan (300-400 DPI), good enough for both on-screen reading and printing, and store it very efficiently. Several dozens of 300 DPI black-and-white scans can be stored in less than a megabyte.

 E Books from Google

EPUBMain article: EPUB
Format: IDPF/EPUB 
Published as: .epub 

The EPUB logo.The .epub or OEBPS format is an open standard for e-books created by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF). It combines three IDPF open standards:

Open Publication Structure (OPS) 2.0, which describes the content markup (either XHTML or Daisy DTBook) 

Open Packaging Format (OPF) 2.0, which describes the structure of an .epub in XML 
OEBPS Container Format (OCF) 1.0, which bundles files together (as a renamed ZIP file) 
The EPUB format is rapidly gaining popularity and as of 2011 is the most widely supported vendor-independent XML-based e-book format. The format can be read at least by the Kobo eReader, Blackberry Playbook, Apple's iBooks app running on iOS devices such as the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad, Barnes and Noble Nook, Sony Reader, BeBook, Bookeen Cybook Gen3 (with firmware v. 2 and up), COOL-ER, Adobe Digital Editions, Lexcycle Stanza, BookGlutton, AZARDI, FBReader, Aldiko, Moon+ Reader and WordPlayer on Android, Freda on Windows Mobile and Windows Phone 7, and the Mozilla Firefox add-on EPUBReader. Several other desktop reader software programs are currently implementing support for the format, such as dotReader, FBReader, Mobipocket, uBook and Okular.

The only notable device lacking integrated support for the EPUB format is the Amazon Kindle, although there has recently been speculation that the Kindle will soon support this format.

Adobe Digital Editions uses .epub format for its e-books, with DRM protection provided through their proprietary ADEPT mechanism. The recently developed ADEPT framework and scripts have been reverse-engineered to circumvent this DRM system.

DSLibris, a Sourceforge.net project, is able to decode e-books in .epub and .xht format for reading on Nintendo DS systems.

eReaderFormerly Palm Digital Media/Peanut Press 
Format: Palm Media 
Published as: .pdb 

eReader is a freeware program for viewing Palm Digital Media electronic books which use the pdb format used by many Palm applications. Versions are available for iPhone, PalmOS (not webOS), Android, Symbian, BlackBerry, Windows Mobile Pocket PC/Smartphone, desktop Windows, and Macintosh. The reader shows text one page at a time, as paper books do. eReader supports embedded hyperlinks and images. Additionally, the Stanza application for the iPhone and iPod Touch can read both encrypted and unencrypted eReader files.

The program supports features like bookmarks and footnotes, enabling the user to mark any page with a bookmark, and any part of the text with a footnote-like commentary. Footnotes can later be exported as a Memo document.

The company also offers two Windows/MacOS programs for producing e-books: the Dropbook, which is free, and the eBook Studio, which is not. Dropbook is a file-oriented PML-to-PDB converter; eBook Studio incorporates a WYSIWYG editor. Both programs are compatible with simple text files.

On July 20, 2009, Barnes & Noble announced that the eReader format will be the method they will use to deliver e-books. Their Nook Reader supports the eReader format, but it is not currently supported on Barnes & Noble's NookColor. eReader format is also supported by the discontinued eSlick, an e-reading device from Foxit Software.

FictionBook (Fb2)Format: FictionBook 
Published as: .fb2 

FictionBook is a popular XML-based e-book format, supported by free readers such as FBReader, Bebook, Haali Reader and STDU Viewer.

Founder ElectronicsFormat: Apabi Reader 
Published as: .xeb; .ceb 

APABI is a format devised by Founder Electronics. It is a popular format for Chinese e-books. It can be read using the Apabi Reader software, and produced using Apabi Publisher. Both .xeb and .ceb files are encoded binary files. The Iliad e-book device includes an Apabi 'viewer'.

Hypertext Markup LanguageFormat: Hypertext 
Published as: .htm; .html 

HTML is the markup language used for most web pages. E-books using HTML can be read using a Web browser. The specifications for the format are available without charge from the W3C.

HTML adds specially marked meta-elements to otherwise plain text encoded using character sets like ASCII or UTF-8. As such, suitably formatted files can be, and sometimes are, generated by hand using a plain text editor or programmer's editor. Many HTML generator applications exist to ease this process and often require less intricate knowledge of the format details involved.

HTML on its own is not a particularly efficient format to store information in, requiring more storage space for a given work than many other formats. However, several e-Book formats including the Amazon Kindle, Open eBook, Compressed HM, Mobipocket and EPUB store each book chapter in HTML format, then use ZIP compression to compress the HTML data, images, metadata and style sheets into a single, significantly smaller, file.

HTML files encompass a wide range of standards[9] and displaying HTML files correctly can be complicated. Additionally many of the features supported, such as forms, are not relevant to e-books.

IEC 62448Format: IEC 62448 
Published as: 

IEC 62448 is an international standard created by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Technical Committee 100, Technical Area 10 (Multimedia e-publishing and e-book).

The current version of IEC 62448 is an umbrella standard that contains as appendices two concrete formats, XMDF of Sharp and BBeB of Sony. However, BBeB has been discontinued by Sony and the version of XMDF that is in the specification is out of date. The IEC TA10 group is discussing next steps, and has invited the IDPF organization which has standardized EPUB to be a liaison. It is possible that the current version of EPUB and/or the forthcoming EPUB3 revision may be added to IEC 62448. Meanwhile a number of Japanese companies have proposed that IEC standardize a proposed new Japanese-centric file format that is expected to unify DotBook of Voyager Japan and XMDF of Sharp. This new format has not been publicly disclosed as of November, 2010 but it is supposed to cover basic representations for the Japanese language. Technically speaking, this revision is supposed to provide a Japanese minimum set, a Japanese extension set, and a stylesheet language. These issues were discussed in the TC100 meeting held in October 2010 but no decisions were taken besides offering the liaison status to IDPF.

Microsoft LITFormat: Microsoft Reader 
Published as: .lit 

DRM-protected LIT files are only readable in the proprietary Microsoft Reader program, as the .LIT format, otherwise similar to Microsoft's CHM format, includes Digital Rights Management features. Other third party readers, such as Lexcycle Stanza, can read unprotected LIT files. There are also tools such as Convert Lit, which can convert .lit files to HTML files or OEBPS files.

The Microsoft Reader uses patented ClearType display technology. In Reader navigation works with a keyboard, mouse, stylus, or through electronic bookmarks. The Catalog Library records reader books in a personalized "home page", and books are displayed with ClearType to improve readability. A user can add annotations and notes to any page, create large-print e-books with a single command, or create free-form drawings on the reader pages. A built-in dictionary allows the user to look up words.

Microsoft announced Microsoft Reader will be discontinued on August 30th 2012.

 30,000 titles for your e-reader

MobipocketFormat: Mobipocket 
Published as: .prc; .mobi 

The Mobipocket e-book format is based on the Open eBook standard using XHTML and can include JavaScript and frames. It also supports native SQL queries to be used with embedded databases. There is a corresponding e-book reader. A free e-book of the German Wikipedia has been published in Mobipocket format.

The Mobipocket Reader has a home page library. Readers can add blank pages in any part of a book and add free-hand drawings. Annotations — highlights, bookmarks, corrections, notes, and drawings — can be applied, organized, and recalled from a single location. Images are converted to GIF format and have a maximum size of 64K, sufficient for mobile phones with small screens, but rather restrictive for newer gadgets. Mobipocket Reader has electronic bookmarks, and a built-in dictionary.

The reader has a full screen mode for reading and support for many PDAs, Communicators, and Smartphones. Mobipocket products support most Windows, Symbian, BlackBerry and Palm operating systems, but not the Android platform. Using WINE, the reader works under Linux or Mac OS X. Third-party applications like Okular and FBReader can also be used under Linux or Mac OS X, but they work only with unencrypted files.

The Amazon Kindle's AZW format is basically just the Mobipocket format with a slightly different serial number scheme (it uses an asterisk instead of a dollar sign), and .prc publications can be read directly on the Kindle. The Kindle AZW format also lacks some Mobipocket features such as JavaScript.

Mobipocket has developed an .epub to .mobi converter called KindleGen (supports IDPF 1.0 and IDPF 2.0 epub format, according to the company).

Multimedia eBooksFormat: Eveda 
Published as: .exe or .html 

A multimedia ebook is media and book content that utilizes a combination of different book content formats. The term can be used as a noun (a medium with multiple content formats) or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content formats.

The 'multimedia ebook' term is used in contrast to media which only utilize traditional forms of printed or text books. Multimedia ebooks include a combination of text, audio, images, video, and/or interactive content formats. Much like how a traditional book can contain images to help the text tell a story, a multimedia ebook can contain other elements not formerly possible to help tell the story.

With the advent of more widespread tablet-like computers, such as the smartphone, some publishing houses are planning to make multimedia ebooks, such as Penguin.

Newton eBookFormat: Newton eBook 
Published as: .pkg 

Commonly known as an Apple Newton book; a single Newton package file can contain multiple books (for example, the three books of a trilogy might be packaged together). All systems running the Newton operating system (the most common include the Newton MessagePads, eMates, Siemens Secretary Stations, Motorola Marcos, Digital Ocean Seahorses and Tarpons) have built-in support for viewing Newton books. The Newton package format was released to the public by Newton, Inc. prior to that company's absorption into Apple Computer. The format is thus arguably open and various people have written readers for it (writing a Newton book converter has even been assigned as a university-level class project).

Newton books have no support for DRM or encryption. They do support internal links, potentially multiple tables of contents and indexes, embedded gray scale images, and even some scripting capability (for example, it's possible to make a book in which the reader can influence the outcome). Newton books utilize Unicode and are thus available in numerous languages. An individual Newton book may actually contain multiple views representing the same content in different ways (such as for different screen resolutions).

The above are symbols typically found on websites advertising e-book stores, etc

Open Electronic PackageFormat: Open eBook 
Published as: .opf 

OPF is an XML-based e-book format created by E-Book Systems; it has been superseded by the EPUB electronic publication standard.

Portable Document FormatFormat: Adobe Portable Document Format 
Published as: .pdf 

A file format created by Adobe Systems, initially to provide a standard form for storing printable documents containing a set of page images. The format derives from PostScript, but without language features like loops, and with added support for features like compression, passwords and DRM. Because PDF documents can easily be viewed and printed by users on a variety of computer platforms, they are very common on the World Wide Web. The specification of the format is available without charge from Adobe.

Since the format is designed to reproduce page images, the text traditionally could not be re-flowed to fit the screen width or size. As a result, PDF files designed for printing on standard paper sizes are less easily viewed on screens with limited size or resolution, such as those found on mobile phones and e-book readers. Adobe has addressed this drawback by adding a re-flow facility to its Acrobat Reader software, but for it to work the document must be marked for re-flowing at creation — meaning that existing PDF documents won't benefit unless they are tagged and resaved. The Windows Mobile (aka Pocket PC) version of Adobe Acrobat will automatically attempt to tag a PDF for reflow during the synchronization process using an installed plugin to Active Sync. However, this tagging process will not work on most locked or password protected PDF documents. It also doesn't work at present (2009–10) on the Windows Mobile Device Center (the successor to Active Sync) as found in Windows Vista and Windows 7. Thus, automatic tagging support during synchronization is limited to Windows XP/2000.

Multiple products support creating and tagging PDF files, such as Adobe Acrobat, PDFCreator, OpenOffice.org, iText, and FOP, and several programming libraries. Third party viewers such as xpdf are also available. Mac OS X has built-in PDF support, both for creation as part of the printing system and for display using the built-in Preview application.

PDF files are supported on many e-book readers including: Mobipocket, iRex iLiad, iRex DR1000, Sony Reader, Bookeen Cybook, Foxit eSlick, Amazon Kindle (2, 3, International & DX), Barnes & Noble Nook, the iPad, PocketBook Reader, Bebook Neo and the Kobo eReader. Also, pdf files can be read on the iPod Touch using the free Stanza app. On iPad, there are also many readers such as Stanza, iBook, FlipReader, ...

Scientific papers and books are often found in PDF format. In this case, the problem of showing tables and equations correctly has been dealt with, when the PDF was created. When trying to reflow such text, ereaders typically obtain very poor results.

Plain text filesFormat: text 
Published as: .txt 

E-books in plain text exist. The size in bytes is simply the number of characters, including spaces, and with a new line counting for 1 or 2. For example, the Bible, an 800,000-word book, is about 4 MB. The ASCII standard allows ASCII-only text files to be interchanged and readable on Unix, Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, DOS, and other systems. These differ in their preferred line ending convention and their interpretation of values outside the ASCII range. Conversion of files from one to another line-ending convention is easily possible with free software on most computers.

PluckerFormat: Plucker 
Published as: .pdb 

Plucker is an Open Source free mobile and desktop e-book reader application with its own associated file format and software to automatically generate Plucker files from text, PDF, HTML, or other document format files, web sites or RSS feeds. The format is public and well-documented. Free readers are available for all kinds of desktop computers and many PDAs.

PostScriptFormat: PostScript 
Published as: .ps 

PostScript is a page description language used in the electronic and desktop publishing areas for defining the contents and layout of a printed page, which can be used by a rendering program to assemble and create the actual output bitmap. Many office printers directly support interpreting PostScript and printing the result. As a result, the format also sees wide use in the Unix world.

SSReaderFormat: SSReader 
Published as: .pdg 

The digital book format used by a popular digital library company in China. It is a proprietary raster image compression and binding format, with reading time OCR plug-in modules. The company scanned a huge number of Chinese books in the China National Library and this becomes the major stock of their service. The detailed format is not published. There are also some other commercial e-book formats used in Chinese digital libraries.

TealDocFormat: TealDoc 
Published as: .pdb 

TealPoint Software's proprietary reader for Palm OS. In addition to its own format, it opens plain text and PalmDoc files. Newer versions of the software include an editor for Palm OS. Embedded images must be converted to TealPoint's proprietary TealPaint format. The format uses HTML like tags for formatting and has been reverse-engineered for 3rd party programs to edit and convert to/from TealDoc format.

Text Encoding InitiativeFormat: TEI Lite 
Published as: .xml[citation needed] 

TEI Lite is the most[citation needed] popular of the TEI-based (and thus XML-based or SGML-based) electronic text formats.

TomeRaiderFormat: TomeRaider 
Published as: .tr2; .tr3 

The TomeRaider e-book format is a proprietary format. There are versions of TomeRaider for Windows, Windows Mobile (aka Pocket PC), Palm, Symbian and iPhone. Several Wikipedias are available as TomeRaider files with all articles unabridged, some even with nearly all images. Capabilities of the TomeRaider3 e-book reader vary considerably per platform: the Windows and Windows Mobile editions support full HTML and CSS. The Palm edition supports limited HTML (e.g., no tables, no fonts), and CSS support is missing. For Symbian there is only the older TomeRaider2 format, which does not render images or offer category search facilities. Despite these differences any TomeRaider e-book can be browsed on all supported platforms. The Tomeraider website claims to have over 4000 e-books available, including free versions of the Internet Movie Database and Wikipedia.

COMPARISON TABLES

1. Depends on the eReader application

2. With ePub 3

3. Table support added in FictionBook V2.1. Not supported in V2.0

4. With HTML 5

5. With HTML 5

6. Supported in all except 1st Generation Kindle. (Support level is as it is in mobipocket)

7. Supported only in kindle for iPhone, iPod, iPad.

8. With Flash Embeded

Supporting platforms

1. Proprietary format

LINKS:

Smashbooks.com

Amazon Kindle

Daisy 3: A Standard for Accessible Multimedia Books

Free eBooks Files Download

Details about the most popular eBook formats

An E-Book Buyer's Guide to PrivacyE Book Readers Compared

ebookwise-1150 ebook reader device

ebook reader articles at Mobile Read Wiki

Kindle Store

Source code to GPL portions of Kindle

The Revolution Will Be Digitalized, City Journal, June 13, 2008

"Amazon's Kindle Fire is sold at a loss|" http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/09/30/amazon_kindle_fire_bill_of_materials/ 

Whitney, Lance (29 September 2011). "Amazon to lose $50 on each Kindle Fire, says analyst|". news.cnet.com http://news.cnet.com/amazon-to-lose-$50-on-each-kindle-fire-says-analyst/ 

Naughton, John (2 October 2011). Kindle Fire: the tablet that knows your next move. The Guardian The Observer. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/oct/02/kindle-fire-ipad-tablet-wars 

Kindle Fire Amazon description 11/23/2011

Amazon Appstore Presentation at CES. Amazon Appstore Developer Blog. Jan 6, 2012. http://www.amazonappstoredev.com/2012/01/amazon-appstore-presentation-at-ces.html7 Jan 12

"Amazon to sell 6m Kindle Fire tablets, 8m eReaders in Q4". Boy Genius Report. 13, 2011. http://www.bgr.com/2011/12/13/amazon-to-sell-6m-kindle-fire-tablets-8m-ereaders-in-q4/. 

Murph, Darren (28 September 2011). "Amazon Kindle Fire tablet unveiled: Android-based, 7-inch display, $199 price tag". Engadget. AOL Inc. http://www.engadget.com/2011/09/28/amazon-fire-tablet-unveiled-7-inch-display-199-price-tag/

Ziegler, Chris (28 September 2011). "Amazon Kindle Fire vs. iPad 2 vs. Nook Color: by the numbers" http://thisismynext.com/2011/09/28/amazon-kindle-fire-vs-ipad-2-vs-nook-color-numbers

Kindle Fire - Full Color 7" Multi-Touch Display with Wi-Fi - More than a Tablet

http://www.zdnet.com/blog/education/kindle-fire-edu-holy-grail-or-one-more-drm-ridden-toy/4738

Hollister, Sean (28 September 2011). "Amazon’s Kindle Fire UI: it’s Android, but not quite"

http://thisismynext.com/2011/09/28/amazon-android-ui-kindle-fire-ux/. 

 Boulton, Clint (29 September 2011). "Amazon EC2 Underlies Kindle Tablet 'Silk' Browser" http://www.eweekeurope.co.uk/news/amazon-ec2-underlies-kindle-tablet-silk-browser-40927 

"Introducing Amazon Silk". www.amazon.com. Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=hp. 2011-10-02 

'Amazon Silk team' (28 September 2011). "Introducing Amazon Silk". amazonsilk.wordpress.com. http://amazonsilk.wordpress.com/2011/09/28/introducing-amazon-silk/ 

"Help: Kindle Fire Software Update Version 6.2 20". http://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=200790620. 2011-12-04. 

Coldewey, Devin (November 17th, 2011). "Kindle Fire Having WiFi Issues?". TechCrunch. http://techcrunch.com/2011/11/17/kindle-fire-having-wifi-issues/. 2011-12-04. 

Ku, Andrew (November 24, 2011). "Storage Performance: Slightly Faster Than USB 1.0?! : The Amazon Kindle Fire: Benchmarked, Tested, And Reviewed". Tom's Hardware: Hardware News, Tests and Reviews. http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/amazon-kindle. 2011-12-04.

http://www.geek.com/articles/gadgets/how-to-root-the-kindle-fire-20111223 http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=141189

http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=1390773

Amazon official website

Kindle Fire Review @ WSJ

Kindle Fire Review @ MeanPC

Kindle Fire Review @ Engadget

Wikipedia

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